Probability Density Functions (PDF)

Probability density functions of various statistical distributions (continuous and discrete).

The probability density function returns the probability that the variate has the value x. In statistics the PDF is also called the frequency function.

Collaboration diagram for Probability Density Functions (PDF):

Functions
double	ROOT::Math::noncentral_chisquared_pdf (double x, double r, double lambda)
	Probability density function of the non central \(\chi^2\) distribution with \(r\) degrees of freedom and the noon-central parameter \(\lambda\). More...
double	ROOT::Math::vavilov_accurate_pdf (double x, double kappa, double beta2)
	The Vavilov probability density function. More...
double	ROOT::Math::vavilov_fast_pdf (double x, double kappa, double beta2)
	The Vavilov probability density function. More...

Probability Density Functions from MathCore
Additional PDF's are provided in the MathMore library (see PDF functions from MathMore)
double	ROOT::Math::beta_pdf (double x, double a, double b)
	Probability density function of the beta distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::binomial_pdf (unsigned int k, double p, unsigned int n)
	Probability density function of the binomial distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::negative_binomial_pdf (unsigned int k, double p, double n)
	Probability density function of the negative binomial distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::breitwigner_pdf (double x, double gamma, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of Breit-Wigner distribution, which is similar, just a different definition of the parameters, to the Cauchy distribution (see cauchy_pdf ) More...
double	ROOT::Math::cauchy_pdf (double x, double b=1, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the Cauchy distribution which is also called Lorentzian distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::chisquared_pdf (double x, double r, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the \(\chi^2\) distribution with \(r\) degrees of freedom. More...
double	ROOT::Math::crystalball_function (double x, double alpha, double n, double sigma, double x0=0)
	Crystal ball function. More...
double	ROOT::Math::exponential_pdf (double x, double lambda, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the exponential distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::fdistribution_pdf (double x, double n, double m, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the F-distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::gamma_pdf (double x, double alpha, double theta, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the gamma distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::gaussian_pdf (double x, double sigma=1, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the normal (Gaussian) distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::bigaussian_pdf (double x, double y, double sigmax=1, double sigmay=1, double rho=0, double x0=0, double y0=0)
	Probability density function of the bi-dimensional (Gaussian) distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::landau_pdf (double x, double xi=1, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the Landau distribution: \[ p(x) = \frac{1}{\xi} \phi (\lambda) \] with \[ \phi(\lambda) = \frac{1}{2 \pi i}\int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} e^{\lambda s + s \log{s}} ds\] where \(\lambda = (x-x_0)/\xi\). More...
double	ROOT::Math::lognormal_pdf (double x, double m, double s, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the lognormal distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::normal_pdf (double x, double sigma=1, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the normal (Gaussian) distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::poisson_pdf (unsigned int n, double mu)
	Probability density function of the Poisson distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::tdistribution_pdf (double x, double r, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of Student's t-distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::uniform_pdf (double x, double a, double b, double x0=0)
	Probability density function of the uniform (flat) distribution. More...
double	ROOT::Math::crystalball_pdf (double x, double alpha, double n, double sigma, double x0=0)
	pdf definition of the crystal_ball which is defined only for n > 1 otehrwise integral is diverging More...

Function Documentation

double ROOT::Math::beta_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	a,
		double	b
	)

Probability density function of the beta distribution.

\[ p(x) = \frac{\Gamma (a + b) } {\Gamma(a)\Gamma(b) } x ^{a-1} (1 - x)^{b-1} \]

for \(0 \leq x \leq 1 \). For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 22 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by mbeta_pdf(), TEfficiency::MidPInterval(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::bigaussian_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	y,
		double	sigmax = 1,
		double	sigmay = 1,
		double	rho = 0,
		double	x0 = 0,
		double	y0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the bi-dimensional (Gaussian) distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over 2 \pi \sigma_x \sigma_y \sqrt{1-\rho^2}} \exp (-(x^2/\sigma_x^2 + y^2/\sigma_y^2 - 2 \rho x y/(\sigma_x\sigma_y))/2(1-\rho^2)) \]

For detailed description see Mathworld. It can also be evaluated using normal_pdf which will call the same implementation.

Parameters

rho	correlation , must be between -1,1

Definition at line 181 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

double ROOT::Math::binomial_pdf	(	unsigned int	k,
		double	p,
		unsigned int	n
	)

Probability density function of the binomial distribution.

\[ p(k) = \frac{n!}{k! (n-k)!} p^k (1-p)^{n-k} \]

for \( 0 \leq k \leq n \). For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 40 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by binomial_pmf(), RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg(), and testBinomialCdf().

double ROOT::Math::breitwigner_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	gamma,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of Breit-Wigner distribution, which is similar, just a different definition of the parameters, to the Cauchy distribution (see cauchy_pdf )

\[ p(x) = \frac{1}{\pi} \frac{\frac{1}{2} \Gamma}{x^2 + (\frac{1}{2} \Gamma)^2} \]

Definition at line 63 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by distr(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::cauchy_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	b = 1,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the Cauchy distribution which is also called Lorentzian distribution.

\[ p(x) = \frac{1}{\pi} \frac{ b }{ (x-m)^2 + b^2} \]

For detailed description see Mathworld. It is also related to the breitwigner_pdf which will call the same implementation.

Definition at line 73 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::chisquared_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	r,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the \(\chi^2\) distribution with \(r\) degrees of freedom.

\[ p_r(x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(r/2) 2^{r/2}} x^{r/2-1} e^{-x/2} \]

for \(x \geq 0\). For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 81 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooNonCentralChiSquare::evaluate(), ROOT::Math::noncentral_chisquared_pdf(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::crystalball_function	(	double	x,
		double	alpha,
		double	n,
		double	sigma,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Crystal ball function.

See the definition at Wikipedia.

It is not really a pdf since it is not normalized

Definition at line 94 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by ROOT::Math::crystalball_pdf().

double ROOT::Math::crystalball_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	alpha,
		double	n,
		double	sigma,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

pdf definition of the crystal_ball which is defined only for n > 1 otehrwise integral is diverging

Definition at line 114 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

double ROOT::Math::exponential_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	lambda,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the exponential distribution.

\[ p(x) = \lambda e^{-\lambda x} \]

for x>0. For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 126 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::fdistribution_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	n,
		double	m,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the F-distribution.

\[ p_{n,m}(x) = \frac{\Gamma(\frac{n+m}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{n}{2}) \Gamma(\frac{m}{2})} n^{n/2} m^{m/2} x^{n/2 -1} (m+nx)^{-(n+m)/2} \]

for x>=0. For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 138 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by TMath::FDist(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::gamma_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	alpha,
		double	theta,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the gamma distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over \Gamma(\alpha) \theta^{\alpha}} x^{\alpha-1} e^{-x/\theta} \]

for x>0. For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 153 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by TMath::GammaDist(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::gaussian_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	sigma = 1,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the normal (Gaussian) distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over \sqrt{2 \pi \sigma^2}} e^{-x^2 / 2\sigma^2} \]

For detailed description see Mathworld. It can also be evaluated using normal_pdf which will call the same implementation.

Definition at line 175 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::landau_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	xi = 1,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the Landau distribution:

\[ p(x) = \frac{1}{\xi} \phi (\lambda) \]

with

\[ \phi(\lambda) = \frac{1}{2 \pi i}\int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} e^{\lambda s + s \log{s}} ds\]

where \(\lambda = (x-x_0)/\xi\).

For a detailed description see K.S. Kölbig and B. Schorr, A program package for the Landau distribution, Computer Phys. Comm. 31 (1984) 97-111 [Erratum-ibid. 178 (2008) 972]. The same algorithms as in CERNLIB (DENLAN) is used

Parameters

x	The argument \(x\)
xi	The width parameter \(\xi\)
x0	The location parameter \(x_0\)

Definition at line 191 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by TMath::Landau(), ROOT::Math::VavilovFast::Pdf(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::lognormal_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	m,
		double	s,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the lognormal distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over x \sqrt{2 \pi s^2} } e^{-(\ln{x} - m)^2/2 s^2} \]

for x>0. For detailed description see Mathworld.

Parameters

s	scale parameter (not the sigma of the distribution which is not even defined)
x0	location parameter, corresponds approximatly to the most probable value. For x0 = 0, sigma = 1, the x_mpv = -0.22278

Definition at line 261 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooLognormal::evaluate(), TMath::LogNormal(), and RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::negative_binomial_pdf	(	unsigned int	k,
		double	p,
		double	n
	)

Probability density function of the negative binomial distribution.

\[ p(k) = \frac{(k+n-1)!}{k! (n-1)!} p^{n} (1-p)^{k} \]

For detailed description see Mathworld (where $k x$ and $n r$). The distribution in Wikipedia is defined with a $p$ corresponding to $1-p$ in this case.

Definition at line 51 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

double ROOT::Math::noncentral_chisquared_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	r,
		double	lambda
	)

Probability density function of the non central \(\chi^2\) distribution with \(r\) degrees of freedom and the noon-central parameter \(\lambda\).

\[ p_r(x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(r/2) 2^{r/2}} x^{r/2-1} e^{-x/2} \]

for \(x \geq 0\). For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 22 of file PdfFuncMathMore.cxx.

Referenced by RooNonCentralChiSquare::evaluate().

double ROOT::Math::normal_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	sigma = 1,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the normal (Gaussian) distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over \sqrt{2 \pi \sigma^2}} e^{-x^2 / 2\sigma^2} \]

For detailed description see Mathworld. It can also be evaluated using gaussian_pdf which will call the same implementation.

Definition at line 274 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by example(), norm(), RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg(), and RooStats::HypoTestResult::SignificanceError().

double ROOT::Math::poisson_pdf	(	unsigned int	n,
		double	mu
	)

Probability density function of the Poisson distribution.

\[ p(n) = \frac{\mu^n}{n!} e^{- \mu} \]

For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 283 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by poisson(), poisson_pmf(), RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg(), and testPoissonCdf().

double ROOT::Math::tdistribution_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	r,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of Student's t-distribution.

\[ p_{r}(x) = \frac{\Gamma(\frac{r+1}{2})}{\sqrt{r \pi}\Gamma(\frac{r}{2})} \left( 1+\frac{x^2}{r}\right)^{-(r+1)/2} \]

for \(k \geq 0\). For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 298 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::uniform_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	a,
		double	b,
		double	x0 = 0
	)

Probability density function of the uniform (flat) distribution.

\[ p(x) = {1 \over (b-a)} \]

if \(a \leq x<b\) and 0 otherwise. For detailed description see Mathworld.

Definition at line 307 of file PdfFuncMathCore.cxx.

Referenced by RooMathCoreReg::RooMathCoreReg().

double ROOT::Math::vavilov_accurate_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	kappa,
		double	beta2
	)

The Vavilov probability density function.

Parameters

x	The Landau parameter \(x = \lambda_L\)
kappa	The parameter \(\kappa\), which must be in the range \(\kappa \ge 0.001 \)
beta2	The parameter \(\beta^2\), which must be in the range \(0 \le \beta^2 \le 1 \)

Definition at line 462 of file VavilovAccurate.cxx.

double ROOT::Math::vavilov_fast_pdf	(	double	x,
		double	kappa,
		double	beta2
	)

The Vavilov probability density function.

Parameters

x	The Landau parameter \(x = \lambda_L\)
kappa	The parameter \(\kappa\), which must be in the range \(0.01 \le \kappa \le 12 \)
beta2	The parameter \(\beta^2\), which must be in the range \(0 \le \beta^2 \le 1 \)

Definition at line 578 of file VavilovFast.cxx.