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TPrincipal.cxx
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1// @(#)root/hist:$Id$
2// Author: Christian Holm Christensen 1/8/2000
3
4/*************************************************************************
5 * Copyright (C) 1995-2004, Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers. *
6 * All rights reserved. *
7 * *
8 * For the licensing terms see $ROOTSYS/LICENSE. *
9 * For the list of contributors see $ROOTSYS/README/CREDITS. *
10 *************************************************************************/
11
12/** \class TPrincipal
13 \ingroup Hist
14Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
15
16The current implementation is based on the LINTRA package from CERNLIB
17by R. Brun, H. Hansroul, and J. Kubler.
18The class has been implemented by Christian Holm Christensen in August 2000.
19
20## Introduction
21
22In many applications of various fields of research, the treatment of
23large amounts of data requires powerful techniques capable of rapid
24data reduction and analysis. Usually, the quantities most
25conveniently measured by the experimentalist, are not necessarily the
26most significant for classification and analysis of the data. It is
27then useful to have a way of selecting an optimal set of variables
28necessary for the recognition process and reducing the dimensionality
29of the problem, resulting in an easier classification procedure.
30
31This paper describes the implementation of one such method of
32feature selection, namely the principal components analysis. This
33multidimensional technique is well known in the field of pattern
34recognition and and its use in Particle Physics has been documented
35elsewhere (cf. H. Wind, <I>Function Parameterization</I>, CERN
3672-21).
37
38## Overview
39Suppose we have prototypes which are trajectories of particles,
40passing through a spectrometer. If one measures the passage of the
41particle at say 8 fixed planes, the trajectory is described by an
428-component vector:
43\f[
44 \mathbf{x} = \left(x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_7\right)
45\f]
46in 8-dimensional pattern space.
47
48One proceeds by generating a a representative tracks sample and
49building up the covariance matrix \f$\mathsf{C}\f$. Its eigenvectors and
50eigenvalues are computed by standard methods, and thus a new basis is
51obtained for the original 8-dimensional space the expansion of the
52prototypes,
53\f[
54 \mathbf{x}_m = \sum^7_{i=0} a_{m_i} \mathbf{e}_i
55 \quad
56 \mbox{where}
57 \quad
58 a_{m_i} = \mathbf{x}^T\bullet\mathbf{e}_i
59\f]
60allows the study of the behavior of the coefficients \f$a_{m_i}\f$ for all
61the tracks of the sample. The eigenvectors which are insignificant for
62the trajectory description in the expansion will have their
63corresponding coefficients \f$a_{m_i}\f$ close to zero for all the
64prototypes.
65
66On one hand, a reduction of the dimensionality is then obtained by
67omitting these least significant vectors in the subsequent analysis.
68
69On the other hand, in the analysis of real data, these least
70significant variables(?) can be used for the pattern
71recognition problem of extracting the valid combinations of
72coordinates describing a true trajectory from the set of all possible
73wrong combinations.
74
75The program described here performs this principal components analysis
76on a sample of data provided by the user. It computes the covariance
77matrix, its eigenvalues ands corresponding eigenvectors and exhibits
78the behavior of the principal components \f$a_{m_i}\f$, thus providing
79to the user all the means of understanding their data.
80
81## Principal Components Method
82Let's consider a sample of \f$M\f$ prototypes each being characterized by
83\f$P\f$ variables \f$x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_{P-1}\f$. Each prototype is a point, or a
84column vector, in a \f$P\f$-dimensional *Pattern space*.
85\f[
86 \mathbf{x} = \left[\begin{array}{c}
87 x_0\\x_1\\\vdots\\x_{P-1}\end{array}\right]\,,
88\f]
89where each \f$x_n\f$ represents the particular value associated with the
90\f$n\f$-dimension.
91
92Those \f$P\f$ variables are the quantities accessible to the
93experimentalist, but are not necessarily the most significant for the
94classification purpose.
95
96The *Principal Components Method* consists of applying a
97*linear* transformation to the original variables. This
98transformation is described by an orthogonal matrix and is equivalent
99to a rotation of the original pattern space into a new set of
100coordinate vectors, which hopefully provide easier feature
101identification and dimensionality reduction.
102
103Let's define the covariance matrix:
104\f[
105 \mathsf{C} = \left\langle\mathbf{y}\mathbf{y}^T\right\rangle
106 \quad\mbox{where}\quad
107 \mathbf{y} = \mathbf{x} - \left\langle\mathbf{x}\right\rangle\,,
108\f]
109and the brackets indicate mean value over the sample of \f$M\f$
110prototypes.
111
112This matrix \f$\mathsf{C}\f$ is real, positive definite, symmetric, and will
113have all its eigenvalues greater then zero. It will now be show that
114among the family of all the complete orthonormal bases of the pattern
115space, the base formed by the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix
116and belonging to the largest eigenvalues, corresponds to the most
117significant features of the description of the original prototypes.
118
119let the prototypes be expanded on into a set of \f$N\f$ basis vectors
120\f$\mathbf{e}_n, n=0,\ldots,N,N+1, \ldots, P-1\f$
121\f[
122 \mathbf{y}_i = \sum^N_{i=0} a_{i_n} \mathbf{e}_n,
123 \quad
124 i = 1, \ldots, M,
125 \quad
126 N < P-1
127\f]
128The `best' feature coordinates \f$\mathbf{e}_n\f$, spanning a *feature
129space*, will be obtained by minimizing the error due to this
130truncated expansion, i.e.,
131\f[
132 \min\left(E_N\right) =
133 \min\left[\left\langle\left(\mathbf{y}_i - \sum^N_{i=0} a_{i_n} \mathbf{e}_n\right)^2\right\rangle\right]
134\f]
135with the conditions:
136\f[
137 \mathbf{e}_k\bullet\mathbf{e}_j = \delta_{jk} =
138 \left\{\begin{array}{rcl}
139 1 & \mbox{for} & k = j\\
140 0 & \mbox{for} & k \neq j
141 \end{array}\right.
142\f]
143Multiplying (3) by \f$\mathbf{e}^T_n\f$ using (5),
144we get
145\f[
146 a_{i_n} = \mathbf{y}_i^T\bullet\mathbf{e}_n\,,
147\f]
148so the error becomes
149\f{eqnarray*}{
150 E_N &=&
151 \left\langle\left[\sum_{n=N+1}^{P-1} a_{i_n}\mathbf{e}_n\right]^2\right\rangle\nonumber\\
152 &=&
153 \left\langle\left[\sum_{n=N+1}^{P-1} \mathbf{y}_i^T\bullet\mathbf{e}_n\mathbf{e}_n\right]^2\right\rangle\nonumber\\
154 &=&
155 \left\langle\sum_{n=N+1}^{P-1} \mathbf{e}_n^T\mathbf{y}_i\mathbf{y}_i^T\mathbf{e}_n\right\rangle\nonumber\\
156 &=&
157 \sum_{n=N+1}^{P-1} \mathbf{e}_n^T\mathsf{C}\mathbf{e}_n
158\f}
159The minimization of the sum in (7) is obtained when each
160term \f$\mathbf{e}_n^\mathsf{C}\mathbf{e}_n\f$ is minimum, since \f$\mathsf{C}\f$ is
161positive definite. By the method of Lagrange multipliers, and the
162condition (5), we get
163\f[
164 E_N = \sum^{P-1}_{n=N+1} \left(\mathbf{e}_n^T\mathsf{C}\mathbf{e}_n -
165 l_n\mathbf{e}_n^T\bullet\mathbf{e}_n + l_n\right)
166\f]
167The minimum condition \f$\frac{dE_N}{d\mathbf{e}^T_n} = 0\f$ leads to the
168equation
169\f[
170 \mathsf{C}\mathbf{e}_n = l_n\mathbf{e}_n\,,
171\f]
172which shows that \f$\mathbf{e}_n\f$ is an eigenvector of the covariance
173matrix \f$\mathsf{C}\f$ with eigenvalue \f$l_n\f$. The estimated minimum error is
174then given by
175\f[
176 E_N \sim \sum^{P-1}_{n=N+1} \mathbf{e}_n^T\bullet l_n\mathbf{e}_n
177 = \sum^{P-1}_{n=N+1} l_n\,,
178\f]
179where \f$l_n,\,n=N+1,\ldots,P\f$ \f$l_n,\,n=N+1,\ldots,P-1\f$ are the eigenvalues associated with the
180omitted eigenvectors in the expansion (3). Thus, by choosing
181the \f$N\f$ largest eigenvalues, and their associated eigenvectors, the
182error \f$E_N\f$ is minimized.
183
184The transformation matrix to go from the pattern space to the feature
185space consists of the ordered eigenvectors \f$\mathbf{e}_1,\ldots,\mathbf{e}_P\f$
186\f$\mathbf{e}_0,\ldots,\mathbf{e}_{P-1}\f$ for its columns
187\f[
188 \mathsf{T} = \left[
189 \begin{array}{cccc}
190 \mathbf{e}_0 &
191 \mathbf{e}_1 &
192 \vdots &
193 \mathbf{e}_{P-1}
194 \end{array}\right]
195 = \left[
196 \begin{array}{cccc}
197 \mathbf{e}_{0_0} & \mathbf{e}_{1_0} & \cdots & \mathbf{e}_{{P-1}_0}\\
198 \mathbf{e}_{0_1} & \mathbf{e}_{1_1} & \cdots & \mathbf{e}_{{P-1}_1}\\
199 \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
200 \mathbf{e}_{0_{P-1}} & \mathbf{e}_{1_{P-1}} & \cdots & \mathbf{e}_{{P-1}_{P-1}}\\
201 \end{array}\right]
202\f]
203This is an orthogonal transformation, or rotation, of the pattern
204space and feature selection results in ignoring certain coordinates
205in the transformed space.
206
207Christian Holm August 2000, CERN
208*/
209
210#include "TPrincipal.h"
211
212#include "TVectorD.h"
213#include "TMatrixD.h"
214#include "TMatrixDSymEigen.h"
215#include "TMath.h"
216#include "TList.h"
217#include "TH2.h"
218#include "TDatime.h"
219#include "TBrowser.h"
220#include "TROOT.h"
221#include "Riostream.h"
222
223
225
226////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
227/// Empty constructor. Do not use.
228
230 : fMeanValues(0),
231 fSigmas(0),
232 fCovarianceMatrix(1,1),
233 fEigenVectors(1,1),
234 fEigenValues(0),
235 fOffDiagonal(0),
236 fStoreData(kFALSE)
237{
238 fTrace = 0;
239 fHistograms = 0;
243}
244
245////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
246/// Constructor. Argument is number of variables in the sample of data
247/// Options are:
248/// - N Normalize the covariance matrix (default)
249/// - D Store input data (default)
250///
251/// The created object is named "principal" by default.
252
254 : fMeanValues(nVariables),
255 fSigmas(nVariables),
256 fCovarianceMatrix(nVariables,nVariables),
257 fEigenVectors(nVariables,nVariables),
258 fEigenValues(nVariables),
259 fOffDiagonal(nVariables),
260 fStoreData(kFALSE)
261{
262 if (nVariables <= 1) {
263 Error("TPrincipal", "You can't be serious - nVariables == 1!!!");
264 return;
265 }
266
267 SetName("principal");
268
269 fTrace = 0;
270 fHistograms = 0;
273 fNumberOfVariables = nVariables;
274 while (strlen(opt) > 0) {
275 switch(*opt++) {
276 case 'N':
277 case 'n':
279 break;
280 case 'D':
281 case 'd':
283 break;
284 default:
285 break;
286 }
287 }
288
289 if (!fMeanValues.IsValid())
290 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create vector mean values");
291 if (!fSigmas.IsValid())
292 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create vector sigmas");
294 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create covariance matrix");
295 if (!fEigenVectors.IsValid())
296 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create eigenvector matrix");
297 if (!fEigenValues.IsValid())
298 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create eigenvalue vector");
299 if (!fOffDiagonal.IsValid())
300 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create offdiagonal vector");
301 if (fStoreData) {
302 fUserData.ResizeTo(nVariables*1000);
303 fUserData.Zero();
304 if (!fUserData.IsValid())
305 Error("TPrincipal","Couldn't create user data vector");
306 }
307}
308
309////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
310/// Copy constructor.
311
313 TNamed(pr),
314 fNumberOfDataPoints(pr.fNumberOfDataPoints),
315 fNumberOfVariables(pr.fNumberOfVariables),
316 fMeanValues(pr.fMeanValues),
317 fSigmas(pr.fSigmas),
318 fCovarianceMatrix(pr.fCovarianceMatrix),
319 fEigenVectors(pr.fEigenVectors),
320 fEigenValues(pr.fEigenValues),
321 fOffDiagonal(pr.fOffDiagonal),
322 fUserData(pr.fUserData),
323 fTrace(pr.fTrace),
324 fHistograms(pr.fHistograms),
325 fIsNormalised(pr.fIsNormalised),
326 fStoreData(pr.fStoreData)
327{
328}
329
330////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
331/// Assignment operator.
332
334{
335 if(this!=&pr) {
340 fSigmas=pr.fSigmas;
346 fTrace=pr.fTrace;
350 }
351 return *this;
352}
353
354////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
355/// Destructor.
356
358{
359 if (fHistograms) {
361 delete fHistograms;
362 }
363}
364
365////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
366/// Add a data point and update the covariance matrix. The input
367/// array must be <TT>fNumberOfVariables</TT> long.
368///
369///
370/// The Covariance matrix and mean values of the input data is calculated
371/// on the fly by the following equations:
372///
373/// \f[
374/// \left<x_i\right>^{(0)} = x_{i0}
375/// \f]
376///
377///
378/// \f[
379/// \left<x_i\right>^{(n)} = \left<x_i\right>^{(n-1)}
380/// + \frac1n \left(x_{in} - \left<x_i\right>^{(n-1)}\right)
381/// \f]
382///
383/// \f[
384/// C_{ij}^{(0)} = 0
385/// \f]
386///
387///
388///
389/// \f[
390/// C_{ij}^{(n)} = C_{ij}^{(n-1)}
391/// + \frac1{n-1}\left[\left(x_{in} - \left<x_i\right>^{(n)}\right)
392/// \left(x_{jn} - \left<x_j\right>^{(n)}\right)\right]
393/// - \frac1n C_{ij}^{(n-1)}
394/// \f]
395///
396/// since this is a really fast method, with no rounding errors (please
397/// refer to CERN 72-21 pp. 54-106).
398///
399///
400/// The data is stored internally in a <TT>TVectorD</TT>, in the following
401/// way:
402///
403/// \f[
404/// \mathbf{x} = \left[\left(x_{0_0},\ldots,x_{{P-1}_0}\right),\ldots,
405/// \left(x_{0_i},\ldots,x_{{P-1}_i}\right), \ldots\right]
406/// \f]
407///
408/// With \f$P\f$ as defined in the class description.
409
411{
412 if (!p)
413 return;
414
415 // Increment the data point counter
416 Int_t i,j;
417 if (++fNumberOfDataPoints == 1) {
418 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++)
419 fMeanValues(i) = p[i];
420 }
421 else {
422
423 const Double_t invnp = 1. / Double_t(fNumberOfDataPoints);
424 const Double_t invnpM1 = 1. /(Double_t(fNumberOfDataPoints - 1));
425 const Double_t cor = 1. - invnp;
426 // use directly vector array for faster element access
427 Double_t * meanValues = fMeanValues.GetMatrixArray();
429 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
430
431 meanValues[i] *= cor;
432 meanValues[i] += p[i] * invnp;
433 const Double_t t1 = (p[i] - meanValues[i]) * invnpM1;
434
435 // Setting Matrix (lower triangle) elements
436 for (j = 0; j < i + 1; j++) {
437 const Int_t index = i * fNumberOfVariables + j;
438 covMatrix[index] *= cor;
439 covMatrix[index] += t1 * (p[j] - meanValues[j]);
440 }
441 }
442 }
443
444 // Store data point in internal vector
445 // If the vector isn't big enough to hold the new data, then
446 // expand the vector by half it's size.
447 if (!fStoreData)
448 return;
449 Int_t size = fUserData.GetNrows();
451 fUserData.ResizeTo(size + size/2);
452
453 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
455 fUserData.GetMatrixArray()[j] = p[i];
456 }
457
458}
459
460////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
461/// Browse the TPrincipal object in the TBrowser.
462
464{
465 if (fHistograms) {
466 TIter next(fHistograms);
467 TH1* h = 0;
468 while ((h = (TH1*)next()))
469 b->Add(h,h->GetName());
470 }
471
472 if (fStoreData)
473 b->Add(&fUserData,"User Data");
474 b->Add(&fCovarianceMatrix,"Covariance Matrix");
475 b->Add(&fMeanValues,"Mean value vector");
476 b->Add(&fSigmas,"Sigma value vector");
477 b->Add(&fEigenValues,"Eigenvalue vector");
478 b->Add(&fEigenVectors,"Eigenvector Matrix");
479
480}
481
482////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
483/// Clear the data in Object. Notice, that's not possible to change
484/// the dimension of the original data.
485
487{
488 if (fHistograms) {
489 fHistograms->Delete(opt);
490 }
491
493 fTrace = 0;
498 fSigmas.Zero();
500
501 if (fStoreData) {
503 fUserData.Zero();
504 }
505}
506
507////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
508/// Return a row of the user supplied data.
509/// If row is out of bounds, 0 is returned.
510/// It's up to the user to delete the returned array.
511/// Row 0 is the first row;
512
514{
515 if (row >= fNumberOfDataPoints)
516 return 0;
517
518 if (!fStoreData)
519 return 0;
520
521 Int_t index = row * fNumberOfVariables;
522 return &fUserData(index);
523}
524
525
526////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
527/// Generates the file `<filename>`, with `.C` appended if it does
528/// argument doesn't end in .cxx or .C.
529///
530/// The file contains the implementation of two functions
531/// ~~~ {.cpp}
532/// void X2P(Double_t *x, Double *p)
533/// void P2X(Double_t *p, Double *x, Int_t nTest)
534/// ~~~
535/// which does the same as `TPrincipal::X2P` and `TPrincipal::P2X`
536/// respectively. Please refer to these methods.
537///
538/// Further, the static variables:
539/// ~~~ {.cpp}
540/// Int_t gNVariables
541/// Double_t gEigenValues[]
542/// Double_t gEigenVectors[]
543/// Double_t gMeanValues[]
544/// Double_t gSigmaValues[]
545/// ~~~
546/// are initialized. The only ROOT header file needed is Rtypes.h
547///
548/// See TPrincipal::MakeRealCode for a list of options
549
550void TPrincipal::MakeCode(const char *filename, Option_t *opt)
551{
552 TString outName(filename);
553 if (!outName.EndsWith(".C") && !outName.EndsWith(".cxx"))
554 outName += ".C";
555
556 MakeRealCode(outName.Data(),"",opt);
557}
558
559////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
560/// Make histograms of the result of the analysis.
561/// The option string say which histograms to create
562/// - X Histogram original data
563/// - P Histogram principal components corresponding to
564/// original data
565/// - D Histogram the difference between the original data
566/// and the projection of principal unto a lower
567/// dimensional subspace (2D histograms)
568/// - E Histogram the eigenvalues
569/// - S Histogram the square of the residues
570/// (see `TPrincipal::SumOfSquareResiduals`)
571/// The histograms will be named `<name>_<type><number>`, where `<name>`
572/// is the first argument, `<type>` is one of X,P,D,E,S, and `<number>`
573/// is the variable.
574
576{
577 Bool_t makeX = kFALSE;
578 Bool_t makeD = kFALSE;
579 Bool_t makeP = kFALSE;
580 Bool_t makeE = kFALSE;
581 Bool_t makeS = kFALSE;
582
583 Int_t len = strlen(opt);
584 Int_t i,j,k;
585 for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
586 switch (opt[i]) {
587 case 'X':
588 case 'x':
589 if (fStoreData)
590 makeX = kTRUE;
591 break;
592 case 'd':
593 case 'D':
594 if (fStoreData)
595 makeD = kTRUE;
596 break;
597 case 'P':
598 case 'p':
599 if (fStoreData)
600 makeP = kTRUE;
601 break;
602 case 'E':
603 case 'e':
604 makeE = kTRUE;
605 break;
606 case 's':
607 case 'S':
608 if (fStoreData)
609 makeS = kTRUE;
610 break;
611 default:
612 Warning("MakeHistograms","Unknown option: %c",opt[i]);
613 }
614 }
615
616 // If no option was given, then exit gracefully
617 if (!makeX && !makeD && !makeP && !makeE && !makeS)
618 return;
619
620 // If the list of histograms doesn't exist, create it.
621 if (!fHistograms)
622 fHistograms = new TList;
623
624 // Don't create the histograms if they are already in the TList.
625 if (makeX && fHistograms->FindObject(Form("%s_x000",name)))
626 makeX = kFALSE;
627 if (makeD && fHistograms->FindObject(Form("%s_d000",name)))
628 makeD = kFALSE;
629 if (makeP && fHistograms->FindObject(Form("%s_p000",name)))
630 makeP = kFALSE;
631 if (makeE && fHistograms->FindObject(Form("%s_e",name)))
632 makeE = kFALSE;
633 if (makeS && fHistograms->FindObject(Form("%s_s",name)))
634 makeS = kFALSE;
635
636 TH1F **hX = 0;
637 TH2F **hD = 0;
638 TH1F **hP = 0;
639 TH1F *hE = 0;
640 TH1F *hS = 0;
641
642 // Initialize the arrays of histograms needed
643 if (makeX)
644 hX = new TH1F * [fNumberOfVariables];
645
646 if (makeD)
647 hD = new TH2F * [fNumberOfVariables];
648
649 if (makeP)
650 hP = new TH1F * [fNumberOfVariables];
651
652 if (makeE){
653 hE = new TH1F(Form("%s_e",name), "Eigenvalues of Covariance matrix",
655 hE->SetXTitle("Eigenvalue");
656 fHistograms->Add(hE);
657 }
658
659 if (makeS) {
660 hS = new TH1F(Form("%s_s",name),"E_{N}",
662 hS->SetXTitle("N");
663 hS->SetYTitle("#sum_{i=1}^{M} (x_{i} - x'_{N,i})^{2}");
664 fHistograms->Add(hS);
665 }
666
667 // Initialize sub elements of the histogram arrays
668 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
669 if (makeX) {
670 // We allow 4 sigma spread in the original data in our
671 // histogram.
672 Double_t xlowb = fMeanValues(i) - 4 * fSigmas(i);
673 Double_t xhighb = fMeanValues(i) + 4 * fSigmas(i);
674 Int_t xbins = fNumberOfDataPoints/100;
675 hX[i] = new TH1F(Form("%s_x%03d", name, i),
676 Form("Pattern space, variable %d", i),
677 xbins,xlowb,xhighb);
678 hX[i]->SetXTitle(Form("x_{%d}",i));
679 fHistograms->Add(hX[i]);
680 }
681
682 if(makeD) {
683 // The upper limit below is arbitrary!!!
684 Double_t dlowb = 0;
685 Double_t dhighb = 20;
686 Int_t dbins = fNumberOfDataPoints/100;
687 hD[i] = new TH2F(Form("%s_d%03d", name, i),
688 Form("Distance from pattern to "
689 "feature space, variable %d", i),
690 dbins,dlowb,dhighb,
692 1,
694 hD[i]->SetXTitle(Form("|x_{%d} - x'_{%d,N}|/#sigma_{%d}",i,i,i));
695 hD[i]->SetYTitle("N");
696 fHistograms->Add(hD[i]);
697 }
698
699 if(makeP) {
700 // For some reason, the trace of the none-scaled matrix
701 // (see TPrincipal::MakeNormalised) should enter here. Taken
702 // from LINTRA code.
704 Double_t plowb = -10 * TMath::Sqrt(et);
705 Double_t phighb = -plowb;
706 Int_t pbins = 100;
707 hP[i] = new TH1F(Form("%s_p%03d", name, i),
708 Form("Feature space, variable %d", i),
709 pbins,plowb,phighb);
710 hP[i]->SetXTitle(Form("p_{%d}",i));
711 fHistograms->Add(hP[i]);
712 }
713
714 if (makeE)
715 // The Eigenvector histogram is easy
716 hE->Fill(i,fEigenValues(i));
717
718 }
719 if (!makeX && !makeP && !makeD && !makeS) {
720 if (hX)
721 delete[] hX;
722 if (hD)
723 delete[] hD;
724 if (hP)
725 delete[] hP;
726 return;
727 }
728
729 Double_t *x = 0;
732 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfDataPoints; i++) {
733
734 // Zero arrays
735 for (j = 0; j < fNumberOfVariables; j++)
736 p[j] = d[j] = 0;
737
738 // update the original data histogram
739 x = (Double_t*)(GetRow(i));
740 R__ASSERT(x);
741
742 if (makeP||makeD||makeS)
743 // calculate the corresponding principal component
744 X2P(x,p);
745
746 if (makeD || makeS) {
747 // Calculate the difference between the original data, and the
748 // same project onto principal components, and then to a lower
749 // dimensional sub-space
750 for (j = fNumberOfVariables; j > 0; j--) {
751 P2X(p,d,j);
752
753 for (k = 0; k < fNumberOfVariables; k++) {
754 // We use the absolute value of the difference!
755 d[k] = x[k] - d[k];
756
757 if (makeS)
758 hS->Fill(j,d[k]*d[k]);
759
760 if (makeD) {
761 d[k] = TMath::Abs(d[k]) / (fIsNormalised ? fSigmas(k) : 1);
762 (hD[k])->Fill(d[k],j);
763 }
764 }
765 }
766 }
767
768 if (makeX||makeP) {
769 // If we are asked to make any of these histograms, we have to
770 // go here
771 for (j = 0; j < fNumberOfVariables; j++) {
772 if (makeX)
773 (hX[j])->Fill(x[j]);
774
775 if (makeP)
776 (hP[j])->Fill(p[j]);
777 }
778 }
779 }
780 // Clean up
781 if (hX)
782 delete [] hX;
783 if (hD)
784 delete [] hD;
785 if (hP)
786 delete [] hP;
787 if (d)
788 delete [] d;
789 if (p)
790 delete [] p;
791
792 // Normalize the residues
793 if (makeS)
795}
796
797////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
798/// Normalize the covariance matrix
799
801{
802 Int_t i,j;
803 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
805 if (fIsNormalised)
806 for (j = 0; j <= i; j++)
807 fCovarianceMatrix(i,j) /= (fSigmas(i) * fSigmas(j));
808
810 }
811
812 // Fill remaining parts of matrix, and scale.
813 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++)
814 for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
817 }
818
819}
820
821////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
822/// Generate the file <classname>PCA.cxx which contains the
823/// implementation of two methods:
824/// ~~~ {.cpp}
825/// void <classname>::X2P(Double_t *x, Double *p)
826/// void <classname>::P2X(Double_t *p, Double *x, Int_t nTest)
827/// ~~~
828/// which does the same as TPrincipal::X2P and TPrincipal::P2X
829/// respectively. Please refer to these methods.
830///
831/// Further, the public static members:
832/// ~~~ {.cpp}
833/// Int_t <classname>::fgNVariables
834/// Double_t <classname>::fgEigenValues[]
835/// Double_t <classname>::fgEigenVectors[]
836/// Double_t <classname>::fgMeanValues[]
837/// Double_t <classname>::fgSigmaValues[]
838/// ~~~
839/// are initialized, and assumed to exist. The class declaration is
840/// assumed to be in <classname>.h and assumed to be provided by the
841/// user.
842///
843/// See TPrincipal::MakeRealCode for a list of options
844///
845/// The minimal class definition is:
846/// ~~~ {.cpp}
847/// class <classname> {
848/// public:
849/// static Int_t fgNVariables;
850/// static Double_t fgEigenVectors[];
851/// static Double_t fgEigenValues[];
852/// static Double_t fgMeanValues[];
853/// static Double_t fgSigmaValues[];
854///
855/// void X2P(Double_t *x, Double_t *p);
856/// void P2X(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest);
857/// };
858/// ~~~
859/// Whether the methods <classname>::X2P and <classname>::P2X should
860/// be static or not, is up to the user.
861
862void TPrincipal::MakeMethods(const char *classname, Option_t *opt)
863{
864
865 MakeRealCode(Form("%sPCA.cxx", classname), classname, opt);
866}
867
868
869////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
870/// Perform the principal components analysis.
871/// This is done in several stages in the TMatrix::EigenVectors method:
872/// - Transform the covariance matrix into a tridiagonal matrix.
873/// - Find the eigenvalues and vectors of the tridiagonal matrix.
874
876{
877 // Normalize covariance matrix
879
881 TMatrixDSymEigen eigen(sym);
884 //make sure that eigenvalues are positive
885 for (Int_t i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
886 if (fEigenValues[i] < 0) fEigenValues[i] = -fEigenValues[i];
887 }
888}
889
890////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
891/// This is the method that actually generates the code for the
892/// transformations to and from feature space and pattern space
893/// It's called by TPrincipal::MakeCode and TPrincipal::MakeMethods.
894///
895/// The options are: NONE so far
896
897void TPrincipal::MakeRealCode(const char *filename, const char *classname,
898 Option_t *)
899{
900 Bool_t isMethod = (classname[0] == '\0' ? kFALSE : kTRUE);
901 const char *prefix = (isMethod ? Form("%s::", classname) : "");
902 const char *cv_qual = (isMethod ? "" : "static ");
903
904 std::ofstream outFile(filename,std::ios::out|std::ios::trunc);
905 if (!outFile) {
906 Error("MakeRealCode","couldn't open output file '%s'",filename);
907 return;
908 }
909
910 std::cout << "Writing on file \"" << filename << "\" ... " << std::flush;
911 //
912 // Write header of file
913 //
914 // Emacs mode line ;-)
915 outFile << "// -*- mode: c++ -*-" << std::endl;
916 // Info about creator
917 outFile << "// " << std::endl
918 << "// File " << filename
919 << " generated by TPrincipal::MakeCode" << std::endl;
920 // Time stamp
921 TDatime date;
922 outFile << "// on " << date.AsString() << std::endl;
923 // ROOT version info
924 outFile << "// ROOT version " << gROOT->GetVersion()
925 << std::endl << "//" << std::endl;
926 // General information on the code
927 outFile << "// This file contains the functions " << std::endl
928 << "//" << std::endl
929 << "// void " << prefix
930 << "X2P(Double_t *x, Double_t *p); " << std::endl
931 << "// void " << prefix
932 << "P2X(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest);"
933 << std::endl << "//" << std::endl
934 << "// The first for transforming original data x in " << std::endl
935 << "// pattern space, to principal components p in " << std::endl
936 << "// feature space. The second function is for the" << std::endl
937 << "// inverse transformation, but using only nTest" << std::endl
938 << "// of the principal components in the expansion" << std::endl
939 << "// " << std::endl
940 << "// See TPrincipal class documentation for more "
941 << "information " << std::endl << "// " << std::endl;
942 // Header files
943 outFile << "#ifndef __CINT__" << std::endl;
944 if (isMethod)
945 // If these are methods, we need the class header
946 outFile << "#include \"" << classname << ".h\"" << std::endl;
947 else
948 // otherwise, we need the typedefs of Int_t and Double_t
949 outFile << "#include <Rtypes.h> // needed for Double_t etc" << std::endl;
950 // Finish the preprocessor block
951 outFile << "#endif" << std::endl << std::endl;
952
953 //
954 // Now for the data
955 //
956 // We make the Eigenvector matrix, Eigenvalue vector, Sigma vector,
957 // and Mean value vector static, since all are needed in both
958 // functions. Also ,the number of variables are stored in a static
959 // variable.
960 outFile << "//" << std::endl
961 << "// Static data variables" << std::endl
962 << "//" << std::endl;
963 outFile << cv_qual << "Int_t " << prefix << "gNVariables = "
964 << fNumberOfVariables << ";" << std::endl;
965
966 // Assign the values to the Eigenvector matrix. The elements are
967 // stored row-wise, that is element
968 // M[i][j] = e[i * nVariables + j]
969 // where i and j are zero-based.
970 outFile << std::endl << "// Assignment of eigenvector matrix." << std::endl
971 << "// Elements are stored row-wise, that is" << std::endl
972 << "// M[i][j] = e[i * nVariables + j] " << std::endl
973 << "// where i and j are zero-based" << std::endl;
974 outFile << cv_qual << "Double_t " << prefix
975 << "gEigenVectors[] = {" << std::flush;
976 Int_t i,j;
977 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
978 for (j = 0; j < fNumberOfVariables; j++) {
979 Int_t index = i * fNumberOfVariables + j;
980 outFile << (index != 0 ? "," : "" ) << std::endl
981 << " " << fEigenVectors(i,j) << std::flush;
982 }
983 }
984 outFile << "};" << std::endl << std::endl;
985
986 // Assignment to eigenvalue vector. Zero-based.
987 outFile << "// Assignment to eigen value vector. Zero-based." << std::endl;
988 outFile << cv_qual << "Double_t " << prefix
989 << "gEigenValues[] = {" << std::flush;
990 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++)
991 outFile << (i != 0 ? "," : "") << std::endl
992 << " " << fEigenValues(i) << std::flush;
993 outFile << std::endl << "};" << std::endl << std::endl;
994
995 // Assignment to mean Values vector. Zero-based.
996 outFile << "// Assignment to mean value vector. Zero-based." << std::endl;
997 outFile << cv_qual << "Double_t " << prefix
998 << "gMeanValues[] = {" << std::flush;
999 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++)
1000 outFile << (i != 0 ? "," : "") << std::endl
1001 << " " << fMeanValues(i) << std::flush;
1002 outFile << std::endl << "};" << std::endl << std::endl;
1003
1004 // Assignment to mean Values vector. Zero-based.
1005 outFile << "// Assignment to sigma value vector. Zero-based." << std::endl;
1006 outFile << cv_qual << "Double_t " << prefix
1007 << "gSigmaValues[] = {" << std::flush;
1008 for (i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++)
1009 outFile << (i != 0 ? "," : "") << std::endl
1010 << " " << (fIsNormalised ? fSigmas(i) : 1) << std::flush;
1011 // << " " << fSigmas(i) << std::flush;
1012 outFile << std::endl << "};" << std::endl << std::endl;
1013
1014 //
1015 // Finally we reach the functions themselves
1016 //
1017 // First: void x2p(Double_t *x, Double_t *p);
1018 //
1019 outFile << "// " << std::endl
1020 << "// The "
1021 << (isMethod ? "method " : "function ")
1022 << " void " << prefix
1023 << "X2P(Double_t *x, Double_t *p)"
1024 << std::endl << "// " << std::endl;
1025 outFile << "void " << prefix
1026 << "X2P(Double_t *x, Double_t *p) {" << std::endl
1027 << " for (Int_t i = 0; i < gNVariables; i++) {" << std::endl
1028 << " p[i] = 0;" << std::endl
1029 << " for (Int_t j = 0; j < gNVariables; j++)" << std::endl
1030 << " p[i] += (x[j] - gMeanValues[j]) " << std::endl
1031 << " * gEigenVectors[j * gNVariables + i] "
1032 << "/ gSigmaValues[j];" << std::endl << std::endl << " }"
1033 << std::endl << "}" << std::endl << std::endl;
1034 //
1035 // Now: void p2x(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest);
1036 //
1037 outFile << "// " << std::endl << "// The "
1038 << (isMethod ? "method " : "function ")
1039 << " void " << prefix
1040 << "P2X(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest)"
1041 << std::endl << "// " << std::endl;
1042 outFile << "void " << prefix
1043 << "P2X(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest) {" << std::endl
1044 << " for (Int_t i = 0; i < gNVariables; i++) {" << std::endl
1045 << " x[i] = gMeanValues[i];" << std::endl
1046 << " for (Int_t j = 0; j < nTest; j++)" << std::endl
1047 << " x[i] += p[j] * gSigmaValues[i] " << std::endl
1048 << " * gEigenVectors[i * gNVariables + j];" << std::endl
1049 << " }" << std::endl << "}" << std::endl << std::endl;
1050
1051 // EOF
1052 outFile << "// EOF for " << filename << std::endl;
1053
1054 // Close the file
1055 outFile.close();
1056
1057 std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
1058}
1059
1060////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1061/// Calculate x as a function of nTest of the most significant
1062/// principal components p, and return it in x.
1063/// It's the users responsibility to make sure that both x and p are
1064/// of the right size (i.e., memory must be allocated for x).
1065
1066void TPrincipal::P2X(const Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest)
1067{
1068 for (Int_t i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++){
1069 x[i] = fMeanValues(i);
1070 for (Int_t j = 0; j < nTest; j++)
1071 x[i] += p[j] * (fIsNormalised ? fSigmas(i) : 1)
1072 * fEigenVectors(i,j);
1073 }
1074
1075}
1076
1077////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1078/// Print the statistics
1079/// Options are
1080/// - M Print mean values of original data
1081/// - S Print sigma values of original data
1082/// - E Print eigenvalues of covariance matrix
1083/// - V Print eigenvectors of covariance matrix
1084/// Default is MSE
1085
1087{
1088 Bool_t printV = kFALSE;
1089 Bool_t printM = kFALSE;
1090 Bool_t printS = kFALSE;
1091 Bool_t printE = kFALSE;
1092
1093 Int_t len = strlen(opt);
1094 for (Int_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
1095 switch (opt[i]) {
1096 case 'V':
1097 case 'v':
1098 printV = kTRUE;
1099 break;
1100 case 'M':
1101 case 'm':
1102 printM = kTRUE;
1103 break;
1104 case 'S':
1105 case 's':
1106 printS = kTRUE;
1107 break;
1108 case 'E':
1109 case 'e':
1110 printE = kTRUE;
1111 break;
1112 default:
1113 Warning("Print", "Unknown option '%c'",opt[i]);
1114 break;
1115 }
1116 }
1117
1118 if (printM||printS||printE) {
1119 std::cout << " Variable # " << std::flush;
1120 if (printM)
1121 std::cout << "| Mean Value " << std::flush;
1122 if (printS)
1123 std::cout << "| Sigma " << std::flush;
1124 if (printE)
1125 std::cout << "| Eigenvalue" << std::flush;
1126 std::cout << std::endl;
1127
1128 std::cout << "-------------" << std::flush;
1129 if (printM)
1130 std::cout << "+------------" << std::flush;
1131 if (printS)
1132 std::cout << "+------------" << std::flush;
1133 if (printE)
1134 std::cout << "+------------" << std::flush;
1135 std::cout << std::endl;
1136
1137 for (Int_t i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
1138 std::cout << std::setw(12) << i << " " << std::flush;
1139 if (printM)
1140 std::cout << "| " << std::setw(10) << std::setprecision(4)
1141 << fMeanValues(i) << " " << std::flush;
1142 if (printS)
1143 std::cout << "| " << std::setw(10) << std::setprecision(4)
1144 << fSigmas(i) << " " << std::flush;
1145 if (printE)
1146 std::cout << "| " << std::setw(10) << std::setprecision(4)
1147 << fEigenValues(i) << " " << std::flush;
1148 std::cout << std::endl;
1149 }
1150 std::cout << std::endl;
1151 }
1152
1153 if(printV) {
1154 for (Int_t i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++) {
1155 std::cout << "Eigenvector # " << i << std::flush;
1158 v.Print();
1159 }
1160 }
1161}
1162
1163////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1164/// Calculates the sum of the square residuals, that is
1165///
1166/// \f[
1167/// E_N = \sum_{i=0}^{P-1} \left(x_i - x^\prime_i\right)^2
1168/// \f]
1169///
1170/// where \f$x^\prime_i = \sum_{j=i}^N p_i e_{n_j}\f$
1171/// is the \f$i^{\mbox{th}}\f$ component of the principal vector, corresponding to
1172/// \f$x_i\f$, the original data; I.e., the square distance to the space
1173/// spanned by \f$N\f$ eigenvectors.
1174
1176{
1177
1178 if (!x)
1179 return;
1180
1181 Double_t p[100];
1182 Double_t xp[100];
1183
1184 X2P(x,p);
1185 for (Int_t i = fNumberOfVariables-1; i >= 0; i--) {
1186 P2X(p,xp,i);
1187 for (Int_t j = 0; j < fNumberOfVariables; j++) {
1188 s[i] += (x[j] - xp[j])*(x[j] - xp[j]);
1189 }
1190 }
1191}
1192
1193////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1194/// Test the PCA, bye calculating the sum square of residuals
1195/// (see method SumOfSquareResiduals), and display the histogram
1196
1198{
1199 MakeHistograms("pca","S");
1200
1201 if (!fStoreData)
1202 return;
1203
1204 TH1 *pca_s = 0;
1205 if (fHistograms) pca_s = (TH1*)fHistograms->FindObject("pca_s");
1206 if (!pca_s) {
1207 Warning("Test", "Couldn't get histogram of square residuals");
1208 return;
1209 }
1210
1211 pca_s->Draw();
1212}
1213
1214////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1215/// Calculate the principal components from the original data vector
1216/// x, and return it in p.
1217///
1218/// It's the users responsibility to make sure that both x and p are
1219/// of the right size (i.e., memory must be allocated for p).
1220
1222{
1223 for (Int_t i = 0; i < fNumberOfVariables; i++){
1224 p[i] = 0;
1225 for (Int_t j = 0; j < fNumberOfVariables; j++)
1226 p[i] += (x[j] - fMeanValues(j)) * fEigenVectors(j,i) /
1227 (fIsNormalised ? fSigmas(j) : 1);
1228 }
1229
1230}
#define d(i)
Definition RSha256.hxx:102
#define b(i)
Definition RSha256.hxx:100
#define h(i)
Definition RSha256.hxx:106
const Bool_t kFALSE
Definition RtypesCore.h:92
double Double_t
Definition RtypesCore.h:59
const Bool_t kTRUE
Definition RtypesCore.h:91
const char Option_t
Definition RtypesCore.h:66
#define ClassImp(name)
Definition Rtypes.h:364
#define R__ASSERT(e)
Definition TError.h:120
char name[80]
Definition TGX11.cxx:110
TMatrixTColumn_const< Double_t > TMatrixDColumn_const
#define gROOT
Definition TROOT.h:406
char * Form(const char *fmt,...)
Using a TBrowser one can browse all ROOT objects.
Definition TBrowser.h:37
This class stores the date and time with a precision of one second in an unsigned 32 bit word (950130...
Definition TDatime.h:37
const char * AsString() const
Return the date & time as a string (ctime() format).
Definition TDatime.cxx:102
1-D histogram with a float per channel (see TH1 documentation)}
Definition TH1.h:575
TH1 is the base class of all histogram classes in ROOT.
Definition TH1.h:58
virtual void SetXTitle(const char *title)
Definition TH1.h:413
virtual Bool_t Add(TF1 *h1, Double_t c1=1, Option_t *option="")
Performs the operation: this = this + c1*f1 if errors are defined (see TH1::Sumw2),...
Definition TH1.cxx:822
virtual Int_t Fill(Double_t x)
Increment bin with abscissa X by 1.
Definition TH1.cxx:3350
virtual void Draw(Option_t *option="")
Draw this histogram with options.
Definition TH1.cxx:3073
virtual void SetYTitle(const char *title)
Definition TH1.h:414
virtual void Scale(Double_t c1=1, Option_t *option="")
Multiply this histogram by a constant c1.
Definition TH1.cxx:6564
2-D histogram with a float per channel (see TH1 documentation)}
Definition TH2.h:251
A doubly linked list.
Definition TList.h:44
virtual void Add(TObject *obj)
Definition TList.h:87
virtual TObject * FindObject(const char *name) const
Find an object in this list using its name.
Definition TList.cxx:578
virtual void Delete(Option_t *option="")
Remove all objects from the list AND delete all heap based objects.
Definition TList.cxx:470
TMatrixDSymEigen.
const TVectorD & GetEigenValues() const
const TMatrixD & GetEigenVectors() const
Int_t GetNrows() const
virtual TMatrixTBase< Element > & Zero()
Set matrix elements to zero.
Bool_t IsValid() const
TMatrixTSym< Element > & Use(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Element *data)
virtual const Element * GetMatrixArray() const
Definition TMatrixT.h:222
The TNamed class is the base class for all named ROOT classes.
Definition TNamed.h:29
virtual void SetName(const char *name)
Set the name of the TNamed.
Definition TNamed.cxx:140
TNamed & operator=(const TNamed &rhs)
TNamed assignment operator.
Definition TNamed.cxx:51
virtual void Warning(const char *method, const char *msgfmt,...) const
Issue warning message.
Definition TObject.cxx:879
virtual void Error(const char *method, const char *msgfmt,...) const
Issue error message.
Definition TObject.cxx:893
Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
Definition TPrincipal.h:21
virtual void MakeMethods(const char *classname="PCA", Option_t *option="")
Generate the file <classname>PCA.cxx which contains the implementation of two methods:
virtual void AddRow(const Double_t *x)
Add a data point and update the covariance matrix.
virtual void X2P(const Double_t *x, Double_t *p)
Calculate the principal components from the original data vector x, and return it in p.
Double_t fTrace
Definition TPrincipal.h:38
virtual void Print(Option_t *opt="MSE") const
Print the statistics Options are.
const Double_t * GetRow(Int_t row)
Return a row of the user supplied data.
TPrincipal()
Empty constructor. Do not use.
virtual void Browse(TBrowser *b)
Browse the TPrincipal object in the TBrowser.
virtual void MakeHistograms(const char *name="pca", Option_t *option="epsdx")
Make histograms of the result of the analysis.
TVectorD fUserData
Definition TPrincipal.h:36
virtual void MakeCode(const char *filename="pca", Option_t *option="")
Generates the file <filename>, with .C appended if it does argument doesn't end in ....
TMatrixD fCovarianceMatrix
Definition TPrincipal.h:29
Int_t fNumberOfVariables
Definition TPrincipal.h:25
TVectorD fSigmas
Definition TPrincipal.h:28
TVectorD fOffDiagonal
Definition TPrincipal.h:34
TVectorD fEigenValues
Definition TPrincipal.h:32
virtual ~TPrincipal()
Destructor.
TVectorD fMeanValues
Definition TPrincipal.h:27
TList * fHistograms
Definition TPrincipal.h:40
void MakeRealCode(const char *filename, const char *prefix, Option_t *option="")
This is the method that actually generates the code for the transformations to and from feature space...
Bool_t fStoreData
Definition TPrincipal.h:43
TMatrixD fEigenVectors
Definition TPrincipal.h:31
virtual void Clear(Option_t *option="")
Clear the data in Object.
virtual void P2X(const Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest)
Calculate x as a function of nTest of the most significant principal components p,...
Int_t fNumberOfDataPoints
Definition TPrincipal.h:24
void MakeNormalised()
Normalize the covariance matrix.
virtual void MakePrincipals()
Perform the principal components analysis.
virtual void SumOfSquareResiduals(const Double_t *x, Double_t *s)
Calculates the sum of the square residuals, that is.
void Test(Option_t *option="")
Test the PCA, bye calculating the sum square of residuals (see method SumOfSquareResiduals),...
Bool_t fIsNormalised
Definition TPrincipal.h:42
TPrincipal & operator=(const TPrincipal &)
Assignment operator.
Basic string class.
Definition TString.h:136
Bool_t EndsWith(const char *pat, ECaseCompare cmp=kExact) const
Return true if string ends with the specified string.
Definition TString.cxx:2197
const char * Data() const
Definition TString.h:369
TVectorT< Element > & Zero()
Set vector elements to zero.
Definition TVectorT.cxx:453
TVectorT< Element > & ResizeTo(Int_t lwb, Int_t upb)
Resize the vector to [lwb:upb] .
Definition TVectorT.cxx:294
Int_t GetNrows() const
Definition TVectorT.h:75
Bool_t IsValid() const
Definition TVectorT.h:83
Element * GetMatrixArray()
Definition TVectorT.h:78
Double_t x[n]
Definition legend1.C:17
Double_t Sqrt(Double_t x)
Definition TMath.h:691
Short_t Abs(Short_t d)
Definition TMathBase.h:120
auto * t1
Definition textangle.C:20
#define sym(otri1, otri2)
Definition triangle.c:932