TwoSidedFrequentistUpperLimitWithBands.C File Reference

Detailed Description

TwoSidedFrequentistUpperLimitWithBands

This is a standard demo that can be used with any ROOT file prepared in the standard way. You specify:

• name for input ROOT file
• name of workspace inside ROOT file that holds model and data
• name of ModelConfig that specifies details for calculator tools
• name of dataset

With default parameters the macro will attempt to run the standard hist2workspace example and read the ROOT file that it produces.

You may want to control:

double confidenceLevel=0.95;
double additionalToysFac = 1.;
int nPointsToScan = 12;
int nToyMC = 200;

This uses a modified version of the profile likelihood ratio as a test statistic for upper limits (eg. test stat = 0 if muhat>mu).

Based on the observed data, one defines a set of parameter points to be tested based on the value of the parameter of interest and the conditional MLE (eg. profiled) values of the nuisance parameters.

At each parameter point, pseudo-experiments are generated using this fixed reference model and then the test statistic is evaluated. The auxiliary measurements (global observables) associated with the constraint terms in nuisance parameters are also fluctuated in the process of generating the pseudo-experiments in a frequentist manner forming an 'unconditional ensemble'. One could form a 'conditional' ensemble in which these auxiliary measurements are fixed. Note that the nuisance parameters are not randomized, which is a Bayesian procedure. Note, the nuisance parameters are floating in the fits. For each point, the threshold that defines the 95% acceptance region is found. This forms a "Confidence Belt".

After constructing the confidence belt, one can find the confidence interval for any particular dataset by finding the intersection of the observed test statistic and the confidence belt. First this is done on the observed data to get an observed 1-sided upper limt.

Finally, there expected limit and bands (from background-only) are formed by generating background-only data and finding the upper limit. The background-only is defined as such that the nuisance parameters are fixed to their best fit value based on the data with the signal rate fixed to 0. The bands are done by hand for now, will later be part of the RooStats tools.

On a technical note, this technique IS the generalization of Feldman-Cousins with nuisance parameters.

Building the confidence belt can be computationally expensive. Once it is built, one could save it to a file and use it in a separate step.

We can use PROOF to speed things along in parallel, however, the test statistic has to be installed on the workers so either turn off PROOF or include the modified test statistic in your $ROOTSYS/roofit/roostats/inc directory, add the additional line to the LinkDef.h file, and recompile root.

Note, if you have a boundary on the parameter of interest (eg. cross-section) the threshold on the two-sided test statistic starts off at moderate values and plateaus.

[#0] PROGRESS:Generation – generated toys: 500 / 999 NeymanConstruction: Prog: 12/50 total MC = 39 this test stat = 0 SigXsecOverSM=0.69 alpha_syst1=0.136515 alpha_syst3=0.425415 beta_syst2=1.08496 [-1e+30, 0.011215] in interval = 1

this tells you the values of the parameters being used to generate the pseudo-experiments and the threshold in this case is 0.011215. One would expect for 95% that the threshold would be ~1.35 once the cross-section is far enough away from 0 that it is essentially unaffected by the boundary. As one reaches the last points in the scan, the threshold starts to get artificially high. This is because the range of the parameter in the fit is the same as the range in the scan. In the future, these should be independently controlled, but they are not now. As a result the ~50% of pseudo-experiments that have an upward fluctuation end up with muhat = muMax. Because of this, the upper range of the parameter should be well above the expected upper limit... but not too high or one will need a very large value of nPointsToScan to resolve the relevant region. This can be improved, but this is the first version of this script.

Important note: when the model includes external constraint terms, like a Gaussian constraint to a nuisance parameter centered around some nominal value there is a subtlety. The asymptotic results are all based on the assumption that all the measurements fluctuate... including the nominal values from auxiliary measurements. If these do not fluctuate, this corresponds to an "conditional ensemble". The result is that the distribution of the test statistic can become very non-chi^2. This results in thresholds that become very large.

 
Found data and ModelConfig:
 
=== Using the following for ModelConfig ===
Observables:             RooArgSet:: = (obs_x_channel1,channelCat)
Parameters of Interest:  RooArgSet:: = (SigXsecOverSM)
Nuisance Parameters:     RooArgSet:: = (alpha_syst2,alpha_syst3,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
Global Observables:      RooArgSet:: = (nominalLumi,nom_alpha_syst1,nom_alpha_syst2,nom_alpha_syst3,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
PDF:                     RooSimultaneous::simPdf[ indexCat=channelCat channel1=model_channel1 ] = 0.190787
 
FeldmanCousins: ntoys per point = 499
FeldmanCousins: nEvents per toy will fluctuate about  expectation
will use global observables for unconditional ensemble
RooArgSet:: = (nominalLumi,nom_alpha_syst1,nom_alpha_syst2,nom_alpha_syst3,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
 
=== Using the following for ModelConfig ===
Observables:             RooArgSet:: = (obs_x_channel1,channelCat)
Parameters of Interest:  RooArgSet:: = (SigXsecOverSM)
Nuisance Parameters:     RooArgSet:: = (alpha_syst2,alpha_syst3,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
Global Observables:      RooArgSet:: = (nominalLumi,nom_alpha_syst1,nom_alpha_syst2,nom_alpha_syst3,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,nom_gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
PDF:                     RooSimultaneous::simPdf[ indexCat=channelCat channel1=model_channel1 ] = 0.190787
 
FeldmanCousins: Model has nuisance parameters, will do profile construction
FeldmanCousins: # points to test = 20
lookup index = 0
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 1/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 1.54009
 SigXsecOverSM=0.075 alpha_syst2=0.656138 alpha_syst3=0.244593 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.03396 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.04971 [-inf, 1.25525]  in interval = 0
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 2/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 1.12265
 SigXsecOverSM=0.225 alpha_syst2=0.562087 alpha_syst3=0.218282 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.02843 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.04073 [-inf, 1.40915]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 3/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.7727
 SigXsecOverSM=0.375 alpha_syst2=0.457123 alpha_syst3=0.184027 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.02317 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.03439 [-inf, 1.50661]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 4/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.488747
 SigXsecOverSM=0.525 alpha_syst2=0.356387 alpha_syst3=0.15007 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.01805 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.02809 [-inf, 1.65905]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 5/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.270286
 SigXsecOverSM=0.675 alpha_syst2=0.259065 alpha_syst3=0.116822 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.01309 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.02183 [-inf, 1.78779]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 6/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.116895
 SigXsecOverSM=0.825 alpha_syst2=0.159293 alpha_syst3=0.099895 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.00789 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.01569 [-inf, 1.97144]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 7/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.0272646
 SigXsecOverSM=0.975 alpha_syst2=0.0707634 alpha_syst3=0.0527046 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=1.00355 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.00975 [-inf, 2.23383]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 8/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.000124673
 SigXsecOverSM=1.125 alpha_syst2=-0.0163928 alpha_syst3=0.00771932 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.999196 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=1.00336 [-inf, 1.96757]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 9/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.0345285
 SigXsecOverSM=1.275 alpha_syst2=-0.0986159 alpha_syst3=-0.0389895 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.995081 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.997784 [-inf, 2.05116]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 10/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.129724
 SigXsecOverSM=1.425 alpha_syst2=-0.187205 alpha_syst3=-0.0491003 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.990771 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.991205 [-inf, 2.19007]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 11/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.284455
 SigXsecOverSM=1.575 alpha_syst2=-0.26955 alpha_syst3=-0.0814599 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.986772 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.985267 [-inf, 1.86276]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 12/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.497383
 SigXsecOverSM=1.725 alpha_syst2=-0.349331 alpha_syst3=-0.113443 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.982921 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.979383 [-inf, 2.01379]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 13/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 0.767683
 SigXsecOverSM=1.875 alpha_syst2=-0.426406 alpha_syst3=-0.145041 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.979212 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.973556 [-inf, 2.26953]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 14/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 1.09484
 SigXsecOverSM=2.025 alpha_syst2=-0.500642 alpha_syst3=-0.176255 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.975641 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.967788 [-inf, 2.17449]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 15/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 1.47726
 SigXsecOverSM=2.175 alpha_syst2=-0.570354 alpha_syst3=-0.210605 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.9722 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.962111 [-inf, 2.14316]  in interval = 1
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 16/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 1.91416
 SigXsecOverSM=2.325 alpha_syst2=-0.638736 alpha_syst3=-0.240819 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.968884 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.956461 [-inf, 1.70746]  in interval = 0
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 17/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 2.40455
 SigXsecOverSM=2.475 alpha_syst2=-0.704252 alpha_syst3=-0.270579 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.96569 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.950877 [-inf, 1.71386]  in interval = 0
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 18/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 2.94758
 SigXsecOverSM=2.625 alpha_syst2=-0.767005 alpha_syst3=-0.299874 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.962614 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.945359 [-inf, 1.36182]  in interval = 0
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 19/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 3.54228
 SigXsecOverSM=2.775 alpha_syst2=-0.82716 alpha_syst3=-0.328689 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.959653 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.939908 [-inf, 1.38914]  in interval = 0
 
NeymanConstruction: Prog: 20/20 total MC = 499 this test stat = 4.18788
 SigXsecOverSM=2.925 alpha_syst2=-0.884931 alpha_syst3=-0.357011 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0=0.9568 gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1=0.934526 [-inf, 1.36873]  in interval = 0
 
[#1] INFO:Eval -- 14 points in interval
 
95% interval on SigXsecOverSM is : [0.225, 2.175] 
[#1] INFO:Minimization -- p.d.f. provides expected number of events, including extended term in likelihood.
RooAbsTestStatistic::initSimMode: creating slave calculator #0 for state channel1 (2 dataset entries)
[#1] INFO:Fitting -- RooAbsTestStatistic::initSimMode: created 1 slave calculators.
[#1] INFO:Minimization --  Including the following constraint terms in minimization: (lumiConstraint,alpha_syst1Constraint,alpha_syst2Constraint,alpha_syst3Constraint,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0_constraint,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1_constraint)
[#1] INFO:Minimization -- The global observables are not defined , normalize constraints with respect to the parameters (Lumi,SigXsecOverSM,alpha_syst1,alpha_syst2,alpha_syst3,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0,gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1)
[#1] INFO:Minimization -- RooProfileLL::evaluate(nll_simPdf_obsData_with_constr_Profile[SigXsecOverSM]) Creating instance of MINUIT
[#1] INFO:Fitting -- RooAddition::defaultErrorLevel(nll_simPdf_obsData_with_constr) Summation contains a RooNLLVar, using its error level
[#1] INFO:Minimization -- RooProfileLL::evaluate(nll_simPdf_obsData_with_constr_Profile[SigXsecOverSM]) determining minimum likelihood for current configurations w.r.t all observable
[#1] INFO:Minimization -- RooProfileLL::evaluate(nll_simPdf_obsData_with_constr_Profile[SigXsecOverSM]) minimum found at (SigXsecOverSM=1.12313)
.
Will use these parameter points to generate pseudo data for bkg only
  1) 0x55da2310d0b0 RooRealVar::               alpha_syst2 = 0.710945 +/- 0.914123  L(-5 - 5)  "alpha_syst2"
  2) 0x55da2310d530 RooRealVar::               alpha_syst3 = 0.261483 +/- 0.929174  L(-5 - 5)  "alpha_syst3"
  3) 0x55da2310d9b0 RooRealVar:: gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0 = 1.03677 +/- 0.0462911  L(0 - 1.25)  "gamma_stat_channel1_bin_0"
  4) 0x55da230ad270 RooRealVar:: gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1 = 1.05318 +/- 0.0761262  L(0 - 1.5)  "gamma_stat_channel1_bin_1"
  5) 0x55da230ad6f0 RooRealVar::             SigXsecOverSM = 0 +/- 0  L(0 - 3) B(20)  "SigXsecOverSM"
-2 sigma  band 0
-1 sigma  band 0.495 [Power Constraint)]
median of band 1.095
+1 sigma  band 1.545
+2 sigma  band 1.995
 
observed 95% upper-limit 2.175
CLb strict [P(toy>obs|0)] for observed 95% upper-limit 0.975
CLb inclusive [P(toy>=obs|0)] for observed 95% upper-limit 0.975

 
#include "TFile.h"
#include "TROOT.h"
#include "TH1F.h"
#include "TCanvas.h"
#include "TSystem.h"
#include <iostream>
 
#include "RooWorkspace.h"
#include "RooSimultaneous.h"
#include "RooAbsData.h"
 
#include "RooStats/ModelConfig.h"
#include "RooStats/FeldmanCousins.h"
#include "RooStats/ToyMCSampler.h"
#include "RooStats/PointSetInterval.h"
#include "RooStats/ConfidenceBelt.h"
 
#include "RooStats/RooStatsUtils.h"
#include "RooStats/ProfileLikelihoodTestStat.h"
 
using namespace RooFit;
using namespace RooStats;
using namespace std;
 
bool useProof = false; // flag to control whether to use Proof
int nworkers = 0;      // number of workers (default use all available cores)
 
// -------------------------------------------------------
 
void TwoSidedFrequentistUpperLimitWithBands(const char *infile = "", const char *workspaceName = "combined",
                                            const char *modelConfigName = "ModelConfig",
                                            const char *dataName = "obsData")
{
 
   double confidenceLevel = 0.95;
   // degrade/improve number of pseudo-experiments used to define the confidence belt.
   // value of 1 corresponds to default number of toys in the tail, which is 50/(1-confidenceLevel)
   double additionalToysFac = 0.5;
   int nPointsToScan = 20; // number of steps in the parameter of interest
   int nToyMC = 200;       // number of toys used to define the expected limit and band
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // First part is just to access a user-defined file
   // or create the standard example file if it doesn't exist
   const char *filename = "";
   if (!strcmp(infile, "")) {
      filename = "results/example_combined_GaussExample_model.root";
      bool fileExist = !gSystem->AccessPathName(filename); // note opposite return code
      // if file does not exists generate with histfactory
      if (!fileExist) {
         // Normally this would be run on the command line
         cout << "will run standard hist2workspace example" << endl;
         gROOT->ProcessLine(".! prepareHistFactory .");
         gROOT->ProcessLine(".! hist2workspace config/example.xml");
         cout << "\n\n---------------------" << endl;
         cout << "Done creating example input" << endl;
         cout << "---------------------\n\n" << endl;
      }
 
   } else
      filename = infile;
 
   // Try to open the file
   TFile *inputFile = TFile::Open(filename);
 
   // if input file was specified byt not found, quit
   if (!inputFile) {
      cout << "StandardRooStatsDemoMacro: Input file " << filename << " is not found" << endl;
      return;
   }
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // Now get the data and workspace
 
   // get the workspace out of the file
   RooWorkspace *w = (RooWorkspace *)inputFile->Get(workspaceName);
   if (!w) {
      cout << "workspace not found" << endl;
      return;
   }
 
   // get the modelConfig out of the file
   ModelConfig *mc = (ModelConfig *)w->obj(modelConfigName);
 
   // get the modelConfig out of the file
   RooAbsData *data = w->data(dataName);
 
   // make sure ingredients are found
   if (!data || !mc) {
      w->Print();
      cout << "data or ModelConfig was not found" << endl;
      return;
   }
 
   cout << "Found data and ModelConfig:" << endl;
   mc->Print();
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // Now get the POI for convenience
   // you may want to adjust the range of your POI
   RooRealVar *firstPOI = (RooRealVar *)mc->GetParametersOfInterest()->first();
   /*  firstPOI->setMin(0);*/
   /*  firstPOI->setMax(10);*/
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // create and use the FeldmanCousins tool
   // to find and plot the 95% confidence interval
   // on the parameter of interest as specified
   // in the model config
   // REMEMBER, we will change the test statistic
   // so this is NOT a Feldman-Cousins interval
   FeldmanCousins fc(*data, *mc);
   fc.SetConfidenceLevel(confidenceLevel);
   fc.AdditionalNToysFactor(additionalToysFac); // improve sampling that defines confidence belt
   //  fc.UseAdaptiveSampling(true); // speed it up a bit, but don't use for expected limits
   fc.SetNBins(nPointsToScan); // set how many points per parameter of interest to scan
   fc.CreateConfBelt(true);    // save the information in the belt for plotting
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // Feldman-Cousins is a unified limit by definition
   // but the tool takes care of a few things for us like which values
   // of the nuisance parameters should be used to generate toys.
   // so let's just change the test statistic and realize this is
   // no longer "Feldman-Cousins" but is a fully frequentist Neyman-Construction.
   //  fc.GetTestStatSampler()->SetTestStatistic(&onesided);
   // ((ToyMCSampler*) fc.GetTestStatSampler())->SetGenerateBinned(true);
   ToyMCSampler *toymcsampler = (ToyMCSampler *)fc.GetTestStatSampler();
   ProfileLikelihoodTestStat *testStat = dynamic_cast<ProfileLikelihoodTestStat *>(toymcsampler->GetTestStatistic());
 
   // Since this tool needs to throw toy MC the PDF needs to be
   // extended or the tool needs to know how many entries in a dataset
   // per pseudo experiment.
   // In the 'number counting form' where the entries in the dataset
   // are counts, and not values of discriminating variables, the
   // datasets typically only have one entry and the PDF is not
   // extended.
   if (!mc->GetPdf()->canBeExtended()) {
      if (data->numEntries() == 1)
         fc.FluctuateNumDataEntries(false);
      else
         cout << "Not sure what to do about this model" << endl;
   }
 
   // We can use PROOF to speed things along in parallel
   // However, the test statistic has to be installed on the workers
   // so either turn off PROOF or include the modified test statistic
   // in your $ROOTSYS/roofit/roostats/inc directory,
   // add the additional line to the LinkDef.h file,
   // and recompile root.
   if (useProof) {
      ProofConfig pc(*w, nworkers, "", false);
      toymcsampler->SetProofConfig(&pc); // enable proof
   }
 
   if (mc->GetGlobalObservables()) {
      cout << "will use global observables for unconditional ensemble" << endl;
      mc->GetGlobalObservables()->Print();
      toymcsampler->SetGlobalObservables(*mc->GetGlobalObservables());
   }
 
   // Now get the interval
   PointSetInterval *interval = fc.GetInterval();
   ConfidenceBelt *belt = fc.GetConfidenceBelt();
 
   // print out the interval on the first Parameter of Interest
   cout << "\n95% interval on " << firstPOI->GetName() << " is : [" << interval->LowerLimit(*firstPOI) << ", "
        << interval->UpperLimit(*firstPOI) << "] " << endl;
 
   // get observed UL and value of test statistic evaluated there
   RooArgSet tmpPOI(*firstPOI);
   double observedUL = interval->UpperLimit(*firstPOI);
   firstPOI->setVal(observedUL);
   double obsTSatObsUL = fc.GetTestStatSampler()->EvaluateTestStatistic(*data, tmpPOI);
 
   // Ask the calculator which points were scanned
   RooDataSet *parameterScan = (RooDataSet *)fc.GetPointsToScan();
   RooArgSet *tmpPoint;
 
   // make a histogram of parameter vs. threshold
   TH1F *histOfThresholds =
      new TH1F("histOfThresholds", "", parameterScan->numEntries(), firstPOI->getMin(), firstPOI->getMax());
   histOfThresholds->GetXaxis()->SetTitle(firstPOI->GetName());
   histOfThresholds->GetYaxis()->SetTitle("Threshold");
 
   // loop through the points that were tested and ask confidence belt
   // what the upper/lower thresholds were.
   // For FeldmanCousins, the lower cut off is always 0
   for (Int_t i = 0; i < parameterScan->numEntries(); ++i) {
      tmpPoint = (RooArgSet *)parameterScan->get(i)->clone("temp");
      // cout <<"get threshold"<<endl;
      double arMax = belt->GetAcceptanceRegionMax(*tmpPoint);
      double poiVal = tmpPoint->getRealValue(firstPOI->GetName());
      histOfThresholds->Fill(poiVal, arMax);
   }
   TCanvas *c1 = new TCanvas();
   c1->Divide(2);
   c1->cd(1);
   histOfThresholds->SetMinimum(0);
   histOfThresholds->Draw();
   c1->cd(2);
 
   // -------------------------------------------------------
   // Now we generate the expected bands and power-constraint
 
   // First: find parameter point for mu=0, with conditional MLEs for nuisance parameters
   std::unique_ptr<RooAbsReal> nll{mc->GetPdf()->createNLL(*data)};
   std::unique_ptr<RooAbsReal> profile{nll->createProfile(*mc->GetParametersOfInterest())};
   firstPOI->setVal(0.);
   profile->getVal(); // this will do fit and set nuisance parameters to profiled values
   RooArgSet *poiAndNuisance = new RooArgSet();
   if (mc->GetNuisanceParameters())
      poiAndNuisance->add(*mc->GetNuisanceParameters());
   poiAndNuisance->add(*mc->GetParametersOfInterest());
   w->saveSnapshot("paramsToGenerateData", *poiAndNuisance);
   RooArgSet *paramsToGenerateData = (RooArgSet *)poiAndNuisance->snapshot();
   cout << "\nWill use these parameter points to generate pseudo data for bkg only" << endl;
   paramsToGenerateData->Print("v");
 
   RooArgSet unconditionalObs;
   unconditionalObs.add(*mc->GetObservables());
   unconditionalObs.add(*mc->GetGlobalObservables()); // comment this out for the original conditional ensemble
 
   double CLb = 0;
   double CLbinclusive = 0;
 
   // Now we generate background only and find distribution of upper limits
   TH1F *histOfUL = new TH1F("histOfUL", "", 100, 0, firstPOI->getMax());
   histOfUL->GetXaxis()->SetTitle("Upper Limit (background only)");
   histOfUL->GetYaxis()->SetTitle("Entries");
   for (int imc = 0; imc < nToyMC; ++imc) {
 
      // set parameters back to values for generating pseudo data
      //    cout << "\n get current nuis, set vals, print again" << endl;
      w->loadSnapshot("paramsToGenerateData");
      //    poiAndNuisance->Print("v");
 
      std::unique_ptr<RooDataSet> toyData;
      // now generate a toy dataset for the main measurement
      if (!mc->GetPdf()->canBeExtended()) {
         if (data->numEntries() == 1)
            toyData = std::unique_ptr<RooDataSet>{mc->GetPdf()->generate(*mc->GetObservables(), 1)};
         else
            cout << "Not sure what to do about this model" << endl;
      } else {
         //      cout << "generating extended dataset"<<endl;
         toyData = std::unique_ptr<RooDataSet>{mc->GetPdf()->generate(*mc->GetObservables(), Extended())};
      }
 
      // generate global observables
      // need to be careful for simpdf.
      // In ROOT 5.28 there is a problem with generating global observables
      // with a simultaneous PDF.  In 5.29 there is a solution with
      // RooSimultaneous::generateSimGlobal, but this may change to
      // the standard generate interface in 5.30.
 
      RooSimultaneous *simPdf = dynamic_cast<RooSimultaneous *>(mc->GetPdf());
      if (!simPdf) {
         std::unique_ptr<RooDataSet> one{mc->GetPdf()->generate(*mc->GetGlobalObservables(), 1)};
         const RooArgSet *values = one->get();
         std::unique_ptr<RooArgSet> allVars{mc->GetPdf()->getVariables()};
         allVars->assign(*values);
      } else {
         std::unique_ptr<RooDataSet> one{simPdf->generateSimGlobal(*mc->GetGlobalObservables(), 1)};
         const RooArgSet *values = one->get();
         std::unique_ptr<RooArgSet> allVars{mc->GetPdf()->getVariables()};
         allVars->assign(*values);
      }
 
      // get test stat at observed UL in observed data
      firstPOI->setVal(observedUL);
      double toyTSatObsUL = fc.GetTestStatSampler()->EvaluateTestStatistic(*toyData, tmpPOI);
      //    toyData->get()->Print("v");
      //    cout <<"obsTSatObsUL " <<obsTSatObsUL << "toyTS " << toyTSatObsUL << endl;
      if (obsTSatObsUL < toyTSatObsUL) // not sure about <= part yet
         CLb += (1.) / nToyMC;
      if (obsTSatObsUL <= toyTSatObsUL) // not sure about <= part yet
         CLbinclusive += (1.) / nToyMC;
 
      // loop over points in belt to find upper limit for this toy data
      double thisUL = 0;
      for (Int_t i = 0; i < parameterScan->numEntries(); ++i) {
         tmpPoint = (RooArgSet *)parameterScan->get(i)->clone("temp");
         double arMax = belt->GetAcceptanceRegionMax(*tmpPoint);
         firstPOI->setVal(tmpPoint->getRealValue(firstPOI->GetName()));
         //   double thisTS = profile->getVal();
         double thisTS = fc.GetTestStatSampler()->EvaluateTestStatistic(*toyData, tmpPOI);
 
         //   cout << "poi = " << firstPOI->getVal()
         // << " max is " << arMax << " this profile = " << thisTS << endl;
         //      cout << "thisTS = " << thisTS<<endl;
         if (thisTS <= arMax) {
            thisUL = firstPOI->getVal();
         } else {
            break;
         }
      }
 
      histOfUL->Fill(thisUL);
 
      // for few events, data is often the same, and UL is often the same
      //    cout << "thisUL = " << thisUL<<endl;
   }
   histOfUL->Draw();
   c1->SaveAs("two-sided_upper_limit_output.pdf");
 
   // if you want to see a plot of the sampling distribution for a particular scan point:
   /*
   SamplingDistPlot sampPlot;
   int indexInScan = 0;
   tmpPoint = (RooArgSet*) parameterScan->get(indexInScan)->clone("temp");
   firstPOI->setVal( tmpPoint->getRealValue(firstPOI->GetName()) );
   toymcsampler->SetParametersForTestStat(tmpPOI);
   SamplingDistribution* samp = toymcsampler->GetSamplingDistribution(*tmpPoint);
   sampPlot.AddSamplingDistribution(samp);
   sampPlot.Draw();
      */
 
   // Now find bands and power constraint
   Double_t *bins = histOfUL->GetIntegral();
   TH1F *cumulative = (TH1F *)histOfUL->Clone("cumulative");
   cumulative->SetContent(bins);
   double band2sigDown = 0, band1sigDown = 0, bandMedian = 0, band1sigUp = 0, band2sigUp = 0;
   for (int i = 1; i <= cumulative->GetNbinsX(); ++i) {
      if (bins[i] < RooStats::SignificanceToPValue(2))
         band2sigDown = cumulative->GetBinCenter(i);
      if (bins[i] < RooStats::SignificanceToPValue(1))
         band1sigDown = cumulative->GetBinCenter(i);
      if (bins[i] < 0.5)
         bandMedian = cumulative->GetBinCenter(i);
      if (bins[i] < RooStats::SignificanceToPValue(-1))
         band1sigUp = cumulative->GetBinCenter(i);
      if (bins[i] < RooStats::SignificanceToPValue(-2))
         band2sigUp = cumulative->GetBinCenter(i);
   }
   cout << "-2 sigma  band " << band2sigDown << endl;
   cout << "-1 sigma  band " << band1sigDown << " [Power Constraint)]" << endl;
   cout << "median of band " << bandMedian << endl;
   cout << "+1 sigma  band " << band1sigUp << endl;
   cout << "+2 sigma  band " << band2sigUp << endl;
 
   // print out the interval on the first Parameter of Interest
   cout << "\nobserved 95% upper-limit " << interval->UpperLimit(*firstPOI) << endl;
   cout << "CLb strict [P(toy>obs|0)] for observed 95% upper-limit " << CLb << endl;
   cout << "CLb inclusive [P(toy>=obs|0)] for observed 95% upper-limit " << CLbinclusive << endl;
}

Authors

Kyle Cranmer,Contributions from Aaron Armbruster, Haoshuang Ji, Haichen Wang and Daniel Whiteson

Definition in file TwoSidedFrequentistUpperLimitWithBands.C.