Util.h

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// @(#)root/mathcore:$Id$
// Author: L. Moneta Tue Nov 14 15:44:38 2006
 
/**********************************************************************
 *                                                                    *
 * Copyright (c) 2006  LCG ROOT Math Team, CERN/PH-SFT                *
 *                                                                    *
 *                                                                    *
 **********************************************************************/
 
// Utility functions for all ROOT Math classes
 
#ifndef ROOT_Math_Util
#define ROOT_Math_Util
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <cmath>
#include <functional>
#include <limits>
#include <numeric>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
 
// This can be protected against by defining ROOT_Math_VecTypes
// This is only used for the R__HAS_STD_EXPERIMENTAL_SIMD define
// and a single VecCore function in EvalLog
#ifndef ROOT_Math_VecTypes
#include "Types.h"
#endif
 
 
// for defining unused variables in the interfaces
//  and have still them in the documentation
#define MATH_UNUSED(var)   (void)var
 
 
namespace ROOT {
 
namespace Math {
 
/**
   namespace defining Utility functions needed by mathcore
*/
namespace Util {
 
class TimingScope {
 
public:
   TimingScope(std::function<void(std::string const&)> printer, std::string const &message);
 
   ~TimingScope();
 
private:
   std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point fBegin;
   std::function<void(std::string const&)> fPrinter;
   const std::string fMessage;
};
 
   /**
      Utility function for conversion to strings
   */
   template <class T>
   std::string ToString(const T &val)
   {
      std::ostringstream buf;
      buf << val;
 
      std::string ret = buf.str();
      return ret;
   }
 
   /// safe evaluation of log(x) with a protections against negative or zero argument to the log
   /// smooth linear extrapolation below function values smaller than  epsilon
   /// (better than a simple cut-off)
 
   template<class T>
   inline T EvalLog(T x) {
      static const T epsilon = T(2.0 * std::numeric_limits<double>::min());
 
      if constexpr (std::is_arithmetic_v<T>) {
         return x <= epsilon ? x / epsilon + std::log(epsilon) - T(1.0) : std::log(x);
      } else {
         // assume std::simd for non-arithmetic types
         T logval{};
         auto mask = x <= epsilon;
         where(mask, logval) = x / epsilon + log(epsilon) - T(1.0);
         where(!mask, logval) = log(x);
         return logval;
      }
   }
 
   } // end namespace Util
 
   /// \class KahanSum
   /// The Kahan summation is a compensated summation algorithm, which significantly reduces numerical errors
   /// when adding a sequence of finite-precision floating point numbers.
   /// This is done by keeping a separate running compensation (a variable to accumulate small errors).
   ///
   /// ### Auto-vectorisable accumulation
   /// This class can internally use multiple accumulators (template parameter `N`).
   /// When filled from a collection that supports index access from a *contiguous* block of memory,
   /// compilers such as gcc, clang and icc can auto-vectorise the accumulation. This happens by cycling
   /// through the internal accumulators based on the value of "`index % N`", so `N` accumulators can be filled from a block
   /// of `N` numbers in a single instruction.
   ///
   /// The usage of multiple accumulators might slightly increase the precision in comparison to the single-accumulator version
   /// with `N = 1`.
   /// This depends on the order and magnitude of the numbers being accumulated. Therefore, in rare cases, the accumulation
   /// result can change *in dependence of N*, even when the data are identical.
   /// The magnitude of such differences is well below the precision of the floating point type, and will therefore mostly show
   /// in the compensation sum(see Carry()). Increasing the number of accumulators therefore only makes sense to
   /// speed up the accumulation, but not to increase precision.
   ///
   /// \param T The type of the values to be accumulated.
   /// \param N Number of accumulators. Defaults to 1. Ideal values are the widths of a vector register on the relevant architecture.
   /// Depending on the instruction set, good values are:
   /// - AVX2-float: 8
   /// - AVX2-double: 4
   /// - AVX512-float: 16
   /// - AVX512-double: 8
   ///
   /// ### Examples
   ///
   /// ~~~{.cpp}
   /// std::vector<double> numbers(1000);
   /// for (std::size_t i=0; i<1000; ++i) {
   ///    numbers[i] = rand();
   /// }
   ///
   /// ROOT::Math::KahanSum<double, 4> k;
   /// k.Add(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
   /// // or
   /// k.Add(numbers);
   /// ~~~
   /// ~~~{.cpp}
   /// double offset = 10.;
   /// auto result = ROOT::Math::KahanSum<double, 4>::Accumulate(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(), offset);
   /// ~~~
   template<typename T = double, unsigned int N = 1>
   class KahanSum {
     public:
       /// Initialise the sum.
       /// \param[in] initialValue Initialise with this value. Defaults to 0.
       explicit KahanSum(T initialValue = T{}) {
         fSum[0] = initialValue;
         std::fill(std::begin(fSum)+1, std::end(fSum), 0.);
         std::fill(std::begin(fCarry), std::end(fCarry), 0.);
       }
 
       /// Initialise with a sum value and a carry value.
       /// \param[in] initialSumValue Initialise the sum with this value.
       /// \param[in] initialCarryValue Initialise the carry with this value.
       KahanSum(T initialSumValue, T initialCarryValue) {
          fSum[0] = initialSumValue;
          fCarry[0] = initialCarryValue;
          std::fill(std::begin(fSum)+1, std::end(fSum), 0.);
          std::fill(std::begin(fCarry)+1, std::end(fCarry), 0.);
       }
 
       /// Initialise the sum with a pre-existing state.
       /// \param[in] sumBegin Begin of iterator range with values to initialise the sum with.
       /// \param[in] sumEnd End of iterator range with values to initialise the sum with.
       /// \param[in] carryBegin Begin of iterator range with values to initialise the carry with.
       /// \param[in] carryEnd End of iterator range with values to initialise the carry with.
       template<class Iterator>
       KahanSum(Iterator sumBegin, Iterator sumEnd, Iterator carryBegin, Iterator carryEnd) {
          assert(std::distance(sumBegin, sumEnd) == N);
          assert(std::distance(carryBegin, carryEnd) == N);
          std::copy(sumBegin, sumEnd, std::begin(fSum));
          std::copy(carryBegin, carryEnd, std::begin(fCarry));
       }
 
       /// Constructor to create a KahanSum from another KahanSum with a different number of accumulators
       template <unsigned int M>
       KahanSum(KahanSum<T,M> const& other) {
         fSum[0] = other.Sum();
         fCarry[0] = other.Carry();
         std::fill(std::begin(fSum)+1, std::end(fSum), 0.);
         std::fill(std::begin(fCarry)+1, std::end(fCarry), 0.);
       }
 
       /// Single-element accumulation. Will not vectorise.
       void Add(T x) {
          auto y = x - fCarry[0];
          auto t = fSum[0] + y;
          fCarry[0] = (t - fSum[0]) - y;
          fSum[0] = t;
       }
 
 
       /// Accumulate from a range denoted by iterators.
       ///
       /// This function will auto-vectorise with random-access iterators.
       /// \param[in] begin Beginning of a range. Needs to be a random access iterator for automatic
       /// vectorisation, because a contiguous block of memory needs to be read.
       /// \param[in] end   End of the range.
       template <class Iterator>
       void Add(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
           static_assert(std::is_floating_point<
               typename std::remove_reference<decltype(*begin)>::type>::value,
               "Iterator needs to point to floating-point values.");
           const std::size_t n = std::distance(begin, end);
 
           for (std::size_t i=0; i<n; ++i) {
             AddIndexed(*(begin++), i);
           }
       }
 
 
       /// Fill from a container that supports index access.
       /// \param[in] inputs Container with index access such as std::vector or array.
       template<class Container_t>
       void Add(const Container_t& inputs) {
         static_assert(std::is_floating_point<typename Container_t::value_type>::value,
             "Container does not hold floating-point values.");
         for (std::size_t i=0; i < inputs.size(); ++i) {
           AddIndexed(inputs[i], i);
         }
       }
 
 
       /// Iterate over a range and return an instance of a KahanSum.
       ///
       /// See Add(Iterator,Iterator) for details.
       /// \param[in] begin Beginning of a range.
       /// \param[in] end   End of the range.
       /// \param[in] initialValue Optional initial value.
       template <class Iterator>
       static KahanSum<T, N> Accumulate(Iterator begin, Iterator end,
           T initialValue = T{}) {
           KahanSum<T, N> theSum(initialValue);
           theSum.Add(begin, end);
 
           return theSum;
       }
 
 
       /// Add `input` to the sum.
       ///
       /// Particularly helpful when filling from a for loop.
       /// This function can be inlined and auto-vectorised if
       /// the index parameter is used to enumerate *consecutive* fills.
       /// Use Add() or Accumulate() when no index is available.
       /// \param[in] input Value to accumulate.
       /// \param[in] index Index of the value. Determines internal accumulator that this
       /// value is added to. Make sure that consecutive fills have consecutive indices
       /// to make a loop auto-vectorisable. The actual value of the index does not matter,
       /// as long as it is consecutive.
       void AddIndexed(T input, std::size_t index) {
         const unsigned int i = index % N;
         const T y = input - fCarry[i];
         const T t = fSum[i] + y;
         fCarry[i] = (t - fSum[i]) - y;
         fSum[i] = t;
       }
 
       /// \return Compensated sum.
       T Sum() const {
         return std::accumulate(std::begin(fSum), std::end(fSum), 0.);
       }
 
       /// \return Compensated sum.
       T Result() const {
         return Sum();
       }
 
       /// \return The sum used for compensation.
       T Carry() const {
         return std::accumulate(std::begin(fCarry), std::end(fCarry), 0.);
       }
 
       /// Add `arg` into accumulator. Does not vectorise.
       KahanSum<T, N>& operator+=(T arg) {
         Add(arg);
         return *this;
       }
 
       /// Add other KahanSum into accumulator. Does not vectorise.
       ///
       /// Based on KahanIncrement from:
       /// Y. Tian, S. Tatikonda and B. Reinwald, "Scalable and Numerically Stable Descriptive Statistics in SystemML," 2012 IEEE 28th International Conference on Data Engineering, 2012, pp. 1351-1359, doi: 10.1109/ICDE.2012.12.
       /// Note that while Tian et al. add the carry in the first step, we subtract
       /// the carry, in accordance with the Add(Indexed) implementation(s) above.
       /// This is purely an implementation choice that has no impact on performance.
       ///
       /// \note Take care when using += (and -=) to add other KahanSums into a zero-initialized
       ///       KahanSum. The operator behaves correctly in this case, but the result may be slightly
       ///       off if you expect 0 + x to yield exactly x (where 0 is the zero-initialized KahanSum
       ///       and x another KahanSum). In particular, x's carry term may get lost. This doesn't
       ///       just happen with zero-initialized KahanSums; see the SubtractWithABitTooSmallCarry
       ///       test case in the testKahan unittest for other examples. This behavior is internally
       ///       consistent: the carry also gets lost if you switch the operands and it also happens with
       ///       other KahanSum operators.
       template<typename U, unsigned int M>
       KahanSum<T, N>& operator+=(const KahanSum<U, M>& other) {
         U corrected_arg_sum = other.Sum() - (fCarry[0] + other.Carry());
         U sum = fSum[0] + corrected_arg_sum;
         U correction = (sum - fSum[0]) - corrected_arg_sum;
         fSum[0] = sum;
         fCarry[0] = correction;
         return *this;
       }
 
       /// Subtract other KahanSum. Does not vectorise.
       ///
       /// Based on KahanIncrement from: Tian et al., 2012 (see operator+= documentation).
       template<typename U, unsigned int M>
       KahanSum<T, N>& operator-=(KahanSum<U, M> const& other) {
         U corrected_arg_sum = -other.Sum() - (fCarry[0] - other.Carry());
         U sum = fSum[0] + corrected_arg_sum;
         U correction = (sum - fSum[0]) - corrected_arg_sum;
         fSum[0] = sum;
         fCarry[0] = correction;
         return *this;
       }
 
       KahanSum<T, N> operator-()
       {
          return {-this->fSum[0], -this->fCarry[0]};
       }
 
       template<typename U, unsigned int M>
       bool operator ==(KahanSum<U, M> const& other) const {
          return (this->Sum() == other.Sum()) && (this->Carry() == other.Carry());
       }
 
       template<typename U, unsigned int M>
       bool operator !=(KahanSum<U, M> const& other) const {
          return !(*this == other);
       }
 
     private:
       T fSum[N];
       T fCarry[N];
   };
 
   /// Add two non-vectorized KahanSums.
   template<typename T, unsigned int N, typename U, unsigned int M>
   KahanSum<T, N> operator+(const KahanSum<T, N>& left, const KahanSum<U, M>& right) {
      KahanSum<T, N> sum(left);
      sum += right;
      return sum;
   }
 
   /// Subtract two non-vectorized KahanSums.
   template<typename T, unsigned int N, typename U, unsigned int M>
   KahanSum<T, N> operator-(const KahanSum<T, N>& left, const KahanSum<U, M>& right) {
      KahanSum<T, N> sum(left);
      sum -= right;
      return sum;
   }
 
   } // end namespace Math
 
} // end namespace ROOT
 
 
#endif /* ROOT_Math_Util */